<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[雷电如何产生仍是未解之谜，新研究指向宇宙射线与相对论性电子雪崩]]></title><description><![CDATA[<p dir="auto">人类研究雷电近三个世纪，却至今无法完整解释雷电是如何被触发的——这正是《量子杂志》5 月 6 日一篇长文所呈现的物理学前沿困境。核心矛盾在于：产生雷电所需的临界电场强度约为 300 万伏特/米，但实测雷暴云内的电场普遍只有该阈值的十分之一，最强记录也不超过三分之一，而全球每时每刻仍有逾 2000 场雷暴在发生。新罕布什尔大学物理学家 Joseph Dwyer 提出了目前获得最广泛认同的解释：雷暴云中存在以近光速运动的&quot;失控&quot;相对论性电子，这类电子几乎感受不到空气阻力，可在电场驱动下不断加速，并通过与气体分子碰撞触发级联雪崩——每条雪崩可释放约 10 万个电子，雪崩之间相互引发形成正反馈，同时辐射出伽马射线并局部抬升电场。2023 年 NASA 组织的 ALOFT 飞行任务将侦测器直接带入热带风暴核心，在云层中探测到一系列此前从未在近距离观测到的伽马射线闪烁现象，与 Dwyer 模型的预测高度吻合，成为迄今最有力的支持证据。</p>
<p dir="auto">然而，这个问题并未就此画上句号。洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的 Xuan-Min Shao 今年早些时候从 12 次独立雷击的无线电波数据中重建出初始放电方向，发现部分雷电的传播方向与云内电场方向存在微小但显著的偏差，他认为这是宇宙射线簇射的痕迹——来自银河系甚至河外空间的高能粒子穿越大气层时，可在与电场方向不完全一致的随机角度触发电子雪崩，从而&quot;斜向&quot;引发雷电。若该机制得到进一步证实，则意味着地球上每一道闪电，都与遥远星系中某颗垂死恒星或超大质量黑洞存在物理上的直接联系。</p>
<p dir="auto"><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-causes-lightning-the-answer-keeps-getting-more-interesting-20260506/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc">Quanta Magazine</a></p>
<p dir="auto"><div class="card col-md-9 col-lg-6 position-relative link-preview p-0">



<a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-causes-lightning-the-answer-keeps-getting-more-interesting-20260506/" title="What Causes Lightning? The Answer Keeps Getting More Interesting. | Quanta Magazine">
<img src="https://www.quantamagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/LightningIgnition-crEarthScienceAndRemoteSensingUnit_NASA-Social.jpg" class="card-img-top not-responsive" style="max-height: 15rem;" alt="Link Preview Image" onerror="this.parentElement.remove()" />
</a>



<div class="card-body">
<h5 class="card-title">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-causes-lightning-the-answer-keeps-getting-more-interesting-20260506/">
What Causes Lightning? The Answer Keeps Getting More Interesting. | Quanta Magazine
</a>
</h5>
<p class="card-text line-clamp-3">Armed with a slew of new instruments, physicists are closing in on one of nature’s oldest mysteries — and finding that storm clouds are seething with violent and unexpected phenomena.</p>
</div>
<a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-causes-lightning-the-answer-keeps-getting-more-interesting-20260506/" class="card-footer text-body-secondary small d-flex gap-2 align-items-center lh-2">



<img src="https://www.quantamagazine.org/wp-content/themes/quanta2024/frontend/images/favicon.png" alt="favicon" class="not-responsive overflow-hiddden" style="max-width: 21px; max-height: 21px;" onerror="this.remove()"/>





<p class="d-inline-block text-truncate mb-0">Quanta Magazine <span class="text-secondary">(www.quantamagazine.org)</span></p>
</a>
</div></p>
]]></description><link>https://welinux.com//topic/272/雷电如何产生仍是未解之谜-新研究指向宇宙射线与相对论性电子雪崩</link><generator>RSS for Node</generator><lastBuildDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 23:14:27 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://welinux.com//topic/272.rss" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><pubDate>Sat, 09 May 2026 07:37:08 GMT</pubDate><ttl>60</ttl></channel></rss>